Brassicaceae

J.K. Aronson MA, DPhil, MBChB, FRCP, HonFBPhS, HonFFPM , in Meyler's Side Furnishings of Drugs , 2016

General information

The genera in the family unit of Brassicaceae ( Table 1 ) include various types of brassica (cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, pak choi, rape, turnip), mustard, and cress.

Several of the Brassicaceae incorporate allyl isothiocyanate, which is a strong irritant and has mutagenic activity in bacteria and fetotoxic and carcinogenic effects in rats. However, as allyl isothiocyanate also occurs in ordinary mustard, it would not exist realistic to ban all botanical drugs that incorporate it, since they commonly provide no more than than a normal daily dose of mustard (for instance v   mg of allyl isothiocyanate per five   g of mustard).

Armoracia rusticana

Armoracia rusticana (horseradish) contains 0.05–0.2% of essential oils of which 85% is allyl isothiocyanate.

Abdominal discomfort and convulsive syncope occurred after the ingestion of raw horseradish that had not been properly aired before use [1].

Brassica nigra

Brassica nigra (black mustard) contains allyl isothiocyanate. External application of preparations from black mustard has declined because of skin irritation (see Sinapis species ).

The root ofRaphanus sativus var. niger (blackness radish) contains 0.0025% of essential oil with glycosides yielding allyl isothiocyanate and butyl isothiocyanate.

The consumption of several roots ofRaphanus sativus can produce miosis, pain, vomiting, slowed respiration, stupor, and albuminuria.

Peel

Allergic contact dermatitis has been attributed to radish [2].

Sinapis species

TheSinapis genus contains several dissimilar types of mustard species, includingSinapis alba (white mustard) andSinapis arvensis (charlock mustard). Mustard has traditionally been used in heated compresses (sinapisms) to draw blood away from underlying infections and to act equally a counterirritant. This can cause straight skin harm.

•

A fifty-year-quondam woman experienced a second-degree burn after applying a heated mustard compress to her chest to relieve pulmonary congestion associated with a contempo episode of pneumonia [3]. The injury resulted in permanent hyperpigmentation and hypertrophic scarring.

Brassicaceae, Molecular Systematics and Evolution Of

South.L. O'KaneJr., in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013

Introduction

The Brassicaceae, as well classically called the Cruciferae (Latin, meaning 'cantankerous-bearing') in reference to its four 'crossed petals', is commonly known as the mustard family. The family is of systematic involvement, in function, because it includes the various culinary mustards such as Chinese mustard ( Brassica juncea), blackness mustard (Brassica nigra), white mustard (Sinapis alba), horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), radish (Raphanus sativus), and the highly human-modified Brassica oleracea, which provides broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and kohlrabi. The family also provides canola (rapeseed) oil (Brassica napus) and a number of ornamental plants. The 'fast plants' often used in biology classes are derived from turnip (Brassica rapa). Scientifically, the institute Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) has become a model organism of paramount importance in studies of development, embryology, gene expression, and genome evolution and organization because of its depression chromosome number (n  =   five), compact genome, rapid life wheel, and the ease with which information technology is grown from seed and tissue culture in the laboratory. The entire genome of this species was sequenced by the international Arabidopsis Genome Initiative in 2000. Systematic studies on Brassicaceae, that is, those that focus on evolutionary history and nomenclature, have traditionally focused on morphological variation of the silique, a unique fruit found only in the Brassicaceae. With the advent of molecular systematics – using information derived primarily from Dna sequences to approximate phylogenetic (evolutionary) relationships and applying this knowledge to taxonomy (naming) – the traditional view of Brassicaceae systematics has been rapidly irresolute and improving.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/commodity/pii/B9780123749840001698

The Structure and Role of Allergens

A. Wesley Burks Md , in Middleton's Allergy: Principles and Practice , 2020

Herbaceous Dicotyledon (Weed) Species–Derived Pollen Aeroallergens.

Pollens from herbaceous dicotyledon species, ofttimes referred to asweeds, may as well be allergenic, particularly in species of the Amaranthaceae (Russian thistle, goosefoot, or lamb's quarters), Daisy family (ragweed, mugwort, feverfew, sunflower), Brassicaceae (oilseed rape and turnip), Euphorbiaceae (almanac mercury), Plantaginaceae (English plantain), and Urticaceae (wall pellitory) families. 17 A range of allergen groups have been identified (Table 26.vi), but different the unifamiliar grasses, the immunodominant groups vary both within and betwixt families. Nonetheless, allergenic cantankerous-reactivity is high between biochemically identical allergens from unlike families, and mark allergens for some species have been identified (e.1000., Amb a ane, Art v i, Pla 50 one, and Par j 2).

Major allergens inAmbrosia species include the group ane pectate lyases, the grouping 3 plastocyanins, and the grouping 11 cysteine proteases. The lyases are as well found in ragweed, sunflower, mugwort, and feverfew, merely not in species from the other allergenic orders. Other pectin-associated enzymes such as polygalacturonase or pectate methylesterase have yet to exist described inAmbrosia species, although both have been described as allergenic in Russian thistle. The cysteine protease allergens are found in both ragweed and sunflower pollen as well as in the grass pollens described earlier just remain to be described in tree pollens.

In Asteraceae other thanAmbrosia species, the major allergen groups include PR pathogenesis-related (PR)-12 defensin-like group 1 proteins and the PR-ane-like proteins besides as a protein of unknown function (Hel a 1) (Tabular array 26.vi). The pathogenesis-related proteins play an important role in establish innate immune systems, 18 where they defend confronting various pathogens and their virulence factors, as well as abiotic stressors such every bit mechanical wounding. There are 17 groups of proteins (Table 26.7), which are constitutively expressed or upregulated in response to insults. Many are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting jail cell walls of fungi, whereas others are lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).

In the Urticaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Amaranthaceae families, the major allergens include the nonspecific LTP (nsLTPs), polcalcins, profilins, and an Ole e 1–related allergen (Che 1). The nsLTP allergens (PR-fourteen) are a widespread (but absent-minded in grass pollen) group of low molecular weight proteins possessing four disulfide bonds and a hydrophobic core, conferring stability and allergenicity later on cooking. 2 main forms (Types 1, ix kDa and 2, xiii kDa) be, and near allergenic nsLTPs are type one proteins and are prominent also in seeds, latex, fruits (in skin), and vegetables. nineteen In contrast, type 2 nsLTP allergens have been described in tomato, peanut, and celery. In the Plantainaceae, the major allergen is the Ole e i–related allergen of unknown function. Various minor allergens have likewise been described (Table 26.half-dozen), including cystatin, profilins, polcalcins, a putative electron transfer–associated protein, and proteins of unknown function. In dissimilarity to the Urticaceae, nsLTPs from Asteraceae and Brassicaceae are small-scale allergens.

Antimicrobial Activities of African Medicinal Spices and Vegetables

J.D.D. Tamokou , ... 5. Kuete , in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017

4.4 Brassicaceae

Brassicaceae or the cabbage family is an economically important family of flowering plants, with 372 genera and 4060 species. The family contains well-known species, such as Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, Raphanus sativus, Armoracia rusticana, Arabidopsis thaliana, and many others. The antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts of B. oleracea 50. var. italica was reported agile against S. aureus, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa while the antifungal activity of the institute was also shown on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis etchellsii, Hansenula mrakii, and Pichia membranifaciens (Kyung and Fleming, 1997). Touani et al. (2014) accept investigated the antimicrobial potency of B. oleracea L. var. italica and B. oleracea L. var. butyris against a panel of sensitive and MDR bacteria. The investigators showed that the methanol extracts of both vegetables were not active confronting P. aeruginosa strains but were moderately and selectively active against strains of E. coli, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, and P. stuartii.

Read total chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/article/pii/B978012809286600008X

Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis

Shlomo Melmed MB ChB, MACP , in Williams Textbook of Endocrinology , 2020

Goitrogens in Foodstuffs or as Endemic Substances or Pollutants

Antithyroid agents besides occur naturally in foods. They are widely distributed in the family Cruciferae or Brassicaceae, particularly in the genus Brassica, including cabbages, turnips, kale, kohlrabi, rutabaga, mustard, and diverse plants that are not eaten by humans but that serve equally fauna fodder. 142 Information technology is likely that some thiocyanate is present in such plants (particularly cabbage). 143 Cassava meal, a dietary staple in many regions of the earth, contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside, the preparation of which leads to the formation of thiocyanate. Ingestion of cassava can accentuate goiter formation in areas of owned iodine deficiency. Except for thiocyanate, dietary goitrogens influence thyroid iodine metabolism in the aforementioned manner as do the thionamides, which they resemble chemically; their role in the induction of disease in humans is uncertain. Waterborne, sulfur-containing goitrogens of mineral origin are believed to contribute to the development of endemic goiter in certain areas of Colombia.

A number of synthetic chemical pollutants take been implicated as a cause of goitrous hypothyroidism, including polychlorinated biphenyls and resorcinol derivatives. 144 Perchlorate has besides been noted in loftier concentrations in geographic regions in which explosives and rocket fuel were made. Perchlorate has been detected in h2o, food, and chest milk, although the amount does not appear to be sufficient to disrupt thyroid function. In an area of Republic of chile with a high level of natural perchlorate contamination in the water, thyroid function in pregnant women was not different from that in a region with no perchlorate, although iodine intake is quite loftier in this area. 145

Diversity and Nomenclature of Flowering Plants: Eudicots

Michael G. Simpson , in Plant Systematics (Second Edition), 2010

Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Mustard family (proper noun used by Pliny for cabbagelike plants). 321–338 genera/3400–3700 species. (Figures eight.71)

Figure eight.71. BRASSICALES. Brassicaceae. A–E. Brassica rapa. A–C. Flower. A. Side view. B. Top view. C. Perianth removed, showing tetradynamous stamens. D. Silique. E. Silique later dehiscence. F,G. Lepidium nitidum, pepper-grass. F. Silicle prior to dehiscence. G. Silicles afterward dehiscence. H,I. Cardamine californica, milkmaids. J–K. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, water-cress, flowers and fruits. 50. Raphanus sativus, radish, flowers. Thou. Silique of Brassica nigra, mustard. N. Silicle of Thysanocarpus laciniatus. O. Transversely dehiscent sheathing of Cakile maritima.

The Brassicaceae consist of unremarkably hermaphroditic herbs, rarely shrubs (pachycaulous in some). The leaves are simple [rarely compound], often lobed to divided, spiral [rarely reverse], exstipulate. The inflorescence is unremarkably a raceme, rarely of lonely, axillary flowers. The flowers are bisexual, rarely unisexual, usually actinomorphic, pedicellate, ebracte-ate, hypogynous; the receptacle is rarely elongate into a gynophore. The perianth is dichlamydeous, cruciate. The calyx is aposepalous [rarely synsepalous] with ii+2, decussate outer sepals, often basally gibbous. The corolla is apo-petalous, rarely basally connate, with 4 [rarely absent] petals, which are often clawed. The stamens are apostemonous, bise-riate, 2+4 tetradynamous [rarely ii or 4 or up to 16], the outer 2 shorter, antisepalous, the inner 4 longer, of 2 pairs, each pair (from a single primordium) flanking next petals. Anthers are longitudinal in dehiscence. The gynoecium is syncarpous, with a superior ovary, 2 carpels, and 2 locules. The way is 1 or absent. Placentation is axile-parietal, each carpel with ii rows of ovules, the placentae at junction of septum and ovary wall; ovules are anatropous or campylotro-pous, 1–oo per carpel. Nectaries are discrete or ringlike around stamens or pistil. The fruit is a specialized sheathing, called a silique (>3x longer than broad) or silicle (<3x longer than broad), that normally dehisces by the two valves falling entire (rarely transversely dehiscent or indeshiscent) and leaving a persistent cross-wall consisting of a peripheral rim, termed the replum, and membranous intervening tissue spanning the replum, termed a false septum. The seeds are usually exalbuminous.

The Brassicaceae, sensu APG III (2009) are now separated from the traditional families Capparaceae and the Cleomaceae (the concluding 2 in the past treated as subfamilies of the Capparaceae). Each of these three families appears to exist monophyletic (Table 8.2). The Capparaceae differ from the Brassicaceae largely in having a woody addiction, an elongate gynophore or androgynophore, a more often than not greater number of stamens, a unilocular ovary with parietal placentation, and an indehiscent fruit type lacking a replum. The Cleomaceae (Figure 8.72) resemble the Capparaceae but are largely herbaceous and accept a dehiscent fruit with a replum (merely lacking a consummate partition, thus the ovary unilocular). See Al-Shehbaz et al. (2006), Bailey et al. (2006) and Beilstein et al. (2008) for phylogenetic analyses of the group.

The Brassicaceae have a worldwide distribution. Economic importance includes numerous vegetable and flavoring plants (notably the crucifers or mustard plants), including horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards, kale (all cultivars of Brassica oleracea), rutabaga and canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra), turnip (B. rapa), wasabi (Eutrema japonicum), radish (Raphanus sativus), and many more; plus numerous cultivated ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis tinctoria, woad), and some noxious weeds; Arabidopsis thalliana is noted as a model for detailed molecular studies.

The Brassicaceae as treated here are distinctive in being herbs, rarely shrubs, with glucosinolates (mustard oil gluco-sides), the perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed), the androecium with usually 2+four, tetradynamous stamens , the gynoecium with a superior, 2-carpellate/loculate ovary , with axile-parietal placentation and a usually two-valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle).

K 2+2 C four A 2+4 [2,4–16] G (two), superior.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123743800500087

FORAGES AND PASTURES | Annual Forage and Pasture Crops – Species and Varieties

E.J. Havilah , in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Second Edition), 2011

Kale (Chou Moellier) (Brassica oleracea Kestral)

Leafy kale can exist divided into two groups based on stem development: stemless and marrow-stemmed. Stemless kale establishes speedily and reaches maturity in 90 days at 60   cm top. In dissimilarity, marrow-stemmed kale is slower to establish and matures in 150–180 days at 150   cm height.

More often than not, kale can exist grazed only once, but there is ane stemless kale that volition regrow if not grazed too heavily. At that place is the opportunity to plant a 2d crop of stemless kale in the same season. Kale is the nearly cold-tolerant brassica and can survive astringent cold. Feed quality is intermediate betwixt turnip and rape.

Other crucifers used as forage for dairy cattle include

1.

Hybrids Hybrids between Chinese cabbage and other brassicas give useful cultivars:

(a)

Chinese cabbage   ×   rape Brassica campestris sensulato  × B. napus: varieties Pasja and Perko.

(b)

Chinese cabbage   ×   turnip B. campestris sensulato×B. rapa L.: variety Tyfon.

(c)

Chinese cabbage   ×   swede B. campestris sensulato×B. napus L. var. napobrassica: variety Wairangi.

2.

Fodder radish (Rhaphanus sativus)

iii.

Mustard (Sinapis alba)

four.

Fodder beet and saccharide beet (Beta vulgaris) are fed to dairy cows in Europe as a high-energy supplement and every bit a concentrate substitute. Fodder beet tubers are stored and fed dorsum, and sugar beet pulp and sugar beet mash silage are also used.

Read full affiliate

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scientific discipline/commodity/pii/B978012374407400193X

Virus–Plant Interactions in Not-Permissive and Permissive Hosts

Roger Hull , in Plant Virology (Fifth Edition), 2014

4 TMV-Cg and the NH Gene

The crucifer- and garlic-infecting strain of TMV, TMV-Cg, induces an HR-like response in North. tabacum cv. Xanthi nn lacking the North and N′ resistance genes (Arce-Johnson et al., 2003; Ehrenfeld et al., 2005). Although the virus causes an 60 minutes it spreads systemically causing a severe disease characterized by necrotic lesions throughout the plant—hence the response is termed 60 minutes-like. The Hour-similar response is elicited by the TMV-Cg CP and mutagenesis studies advise that the structural integrity of the CP is of import in triggering the response (Ehrenfeld et al., 2008).

The Hr-like response is effected past the Hour gene which is homologous to the N gene both belonging to the TIR/NBS/LRR family of R genes (Stange et al., 2004). Isolation and analysis of the NH transcript enabled iii-dimensional models for the NH and N gene products to exist developed (Stange et al. 2008). This led to the suggestion that the NH protein adopts a LRR fold with a functional part in the HR-like response.

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012384871000011X

Overview of yield losses due to plant viruses

G.P. Rao , Madem Gurivi Reddy , in Practical Plant Virology, 2020

38.half-dozen.8 Crucifers

Several crucifer crops were reported to be infected with plant viruses of economic importance. Ling and Yang (1940) reported that a mosaic disease of rape destroyed more than than thirty% of the crop in Prc and reduction in seed yield ranged from 37% to 86%. Commercial plantings of cauliflower were severely affected past a virus illness that caused 20%–thirty% loss in the coastal areas of California (Tompkins, 1934). Turnip mosaic virus has been reported to damage commercial plantings of horseradish in Illinois, Wisconsin, Missouri, and Washington past 100% (Pound, 1948). Schmelzer (1976) reported that cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) reduced the number of pods past 51% and seed weight by 67% in the garden radish (Brassica sativus). In canola, the estimated loss of 34% and 46% was reported due to beet western yellows virus (BWYV) in Europe and Western Australia, respectively (Kathi et al., 2004). In cabbage, early infection with CaMV and turnip mosaic virus tin can reduce yields by 75%, although the belatedly infection has pocket-size bear upon on yield (Sherf and MacNab, 1986).

Read full chapter

URL:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/commodity/pii/B9780128186541000384

Cistron Editing in Plants

Donald P. Weeks , in Progress in Molecular Biological science and Translational Science, 2017

two.ii.1 Improving Oil Quality in Camelina Seeds Using CRISPR/Cas9

The Brassicaceae oil seed crops rapeseed, canola, and Camelina are of import sources of cooking and industrial oils. Every bit with many other vegetable oils, the oils from these brassica species are relatively loftier in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (xviii:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) and depression in monounsaturated fatty acids such every bit oleic acid (18:i). In the case of Camelina, linoleic acid comprises ~  16% of total fatty acids, linolenic acid ~   35%, and oleic acid ~   xvi%. To provide vegetable oil that is both healthier and better suited for many industrial purposes (including biofuels), it would exist desirable to produce Camelina oil with a meaning increase in oleic acid and marked decreases in linoleic acid and linolenic acrid.

With this goal in mind, one group of researchers in the United States 12 and another in France xiii set out to utilise the CRISPR/Cas9 cistron-editing system to target the fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) genes for knockout. In so doing, synthesis of both linoleic acid and linolenic acid should exist blocked and their precursor, oleic acrid, should increment. The allohexaploid nature of the Camelina genome means that a total of vi FAD2 genes (three independent pairs of FAD2 genes on each of 3 pairs of homeologous chromosomes) demand to be targeted for disruption. The United states of america lab 12 took reward of the fact that the FAD2 genes of Camelina are highly homologous to the FAD2 factor in the diploid, Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, they were able to design sgRNAs that would target the identical sequences in both Camelia and Arabidopsis, only beginning test the ability of these constructs to knockout the ii allelic copies of the FAD2 cistron in Arabidopsis—a much simpler and faster task in Arabidopsis than in Camelina. Indeed, homozygous knockout lines of Arabidopsis were produced by no afterward than the T2 generation and, as expected, these seeds contained nearly threescore% oleic acid (18:ane) and less than 8% polyunsaturated fatty acids (xviii:ii and eighteen:3). When used to knockout the FAD2 genes in Camelina, these same Cas9/sgRNA factor constructs resulted in T4 generation seeds containing over fifty% oleic acid and less than 15% polyunsaturated fatty acids. This group presented data indicating that none of their plants contained knockouts of all six FAD2 genes and concluded that the changes in fatty acid limerick were a combination of somatic cell and germline cell mutations. The French group 13 were able to obtain a broad array of FAD2 gene knockouts that lead to a variety of fatty acid profile phenotypes, including oleic acrid concentrations to a higher place 60%. Indeed, they were able to obtain plants containing homozygous knockouts of all six FAD2 genes. Nevertheless, such plants displayed poor growth characteristics and pointed to the importance of saturated fat acids for the normal growth and development of Camelina. The piece of work from both groups provided proof of concept that the FAD2 genes in Camelina can be successfully edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to yield plants capable of producing commercially valuable oils and that gene editing to obtain other valuable traits in this increasingly of import allohexaploid oil seed crop should be possible.

Read total chapter

URL:

https://world wide web.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877117317300686